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Compact two-skill starter: clarify positioning and choose a lead magnet. Use Marketing Launch for the broader eight-skill go-to-market workflow.
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Compact two-skill starter: clarify positioning and choose a lead magnet. Use Marketing Launch for the broader eight-skill go-to-market workflow.
Build an evidence-led marketing plan from ICP and competition through positioning, campaigns, growth and measurement.
Diagnose architecture and context, plan agent-team responsibilities, then organize project context and session handoffs. Memory and cost-runtime reviews remain outside this pack.
Review the journey from landing page and lead capture through registration, first value and transparent upgrades.
Plan a campaign, draft its channel content and review the work against actual brand guidance.
Prioritize an editorial roadmap and plan how to launch and distribute it across suitable channels.
Understand customer needs, compare competitors and plan a community around real member value.
Choose a relevant lead magnet, then draft a permission-based nurture journey with entry, suppression and exit rules.
Define the API contract, then plan how to observe its latency, failures and retries. Guidance and checklist; no production changes.
Profile a dataset, choose and interpret statistical methods, then validate calculations and conclusions before sharing.
Define the target account, prioritize buying signals, plan a human LinkedIn engagement routine and prepare evidence-led responses to buyer concerns.
Guides data — sql queries from supplied and authorized context.
---
name: sql-queries
description: Write correct, performant SQL across all major data warehouse dialects (Snowflake, BigQuery, Databricks, PostgreSQL, etc.). Use when writing queries, optimizing slow SQL, translating between dialects, or building complex analytical queries with CTEs, window functions, or aggregations.
user-invocable: false
---
# SQL Queries Skill
Write correct, performant, readable SQL across all major data warehouse dialects.
## Dialect-Specific Reference
### PostgreSQL (including Aurora, RDS, Supabase, Neon)
**Date/time:**
```sql
-- Current date/time
CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, NOW()
-- Date arithmetic
date_column + INTERVAL '7 days'
date_column - INTERVAL '1 month'
-- Truncate to period
DATE_TRUNC('month', created_at)
-- Extract parts
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM created_at)
EXTRACT(DOW FROM created_at) -- 0=Sunday
-- Format
TO_CHAR(created_at, 'YYYY-MM-DD')
```
**String functions:**
```sql
-- Concatenation
first_name || ' ' || last_name
CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name)
-- Pattern matching
column ILIKE '%pattern%' -- case-insensitive
column ~ '^regex_pattern$' -- regex
-- String manipulation
LEFT(str, n), RIGHT(str, n)
SPLIT_PART(str, delimiter, position)
REGEXP_REPLACE(str, pattern, replacement)
```
**Arrays and JSON:**
```sql
-- JSON access
data->>'key' -- text
data->'nested'->'key' -- json
data#>>'{path,to,key}' -- nested text
-- Array operations
ARRAY_AGG(column)
ANY(array_column)
array_column @> ARRAY['value']
```
**Performance tips:**
- Use `EXPLAIN ANALYZE` to profile queries
- Create indexes on frequently filtered/joined columns
- Use `EXISTS` over `IN` for correlated subqueries
- Partial indexes for common filter conditions
- Use connection pooling for concurrent access
---
### Snowflake
**Date/time:**
```sql
-- Current date/time
CURRENT_DATE(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), SYSDATE()
-- Date arithmetic
DATEADD(day, 7, date_column)
DATEDIFF(day, start_date, end_date)
-- Truncate to period
DATE_TRUNC('month', created_at)
-- Extract parts
YEAR(created_at), MONTH(created_at), DAY(created_at)
DAYOFWEEK(created_at)
-- Format
TO_CHAR(created_at, 'YYYY-MM-DD')
```
**String functions:**
```sql
-- Case-insensitive by default (depends on collation)
column ILIKE '%pattern%'
REGEXP_LIKE(column, 'pattern')
-- Parse JSON
column:key::string -- dot notation for VARIANT
PARSE_JSON('{"key": "value"}')
GET_PATH(variant_col, 'path.to.key')
-- Flatten arrays/objects
SELECT f.value FROM table, LATERAL FLATTEN(input => array_col) f
```
**Semi-structured data:**
```sql
-- VARIANT type access
data:customer:name::STRING
data:items[0]:price::NUMBER
-- Flatten nested structures
SELECT
t.id,
item.value:name::STRING as item_name,
item.value:qty::NUMBER as quantity
FROM my_table t,
LATERAL FLATTEN(input => t.data:items) item
```
**Performance tips:**
- Use clustering keys on large tables (not traditional indexes)
- Filter on clustering key columns for partition pruning
- Set appropriate warehouse size for query complexity
- Use `RESULT_SCAN(LAST_QUERY_ID())` to avoid re-running expensive queries
- Use transient tables for staging/temp data
---
### BigQuery (Google Cloud)
**Date/time:**
```sql
-- Current date/time
CURRENT_DATE(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
-- Date arithmetic
DATE_ADD(date_column, INTERVAL 7 DAY)
DATE_SUB(date_column, INTERVAL 1 MONTH)
DATE_DIFF(end_date, start_date, DAY)
TIMESTAMP_DIFF(end_ts, start_ts, HOUR)
-- Truncate to period
DATE_TRUNC(created_at, MONTH)
TIMESTAMP_TRUNC(created_at, HOUR)
-- Extract parts
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM created_at)
EXTRACT(DAYOFWEEK FROM created_at) -- 1=Sunday
-- Format
FORMAT_DATE('%Y-%m-%d', date_column)
FORMAT_TIMESTAMP('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', ts_column)
```
**String functions:**
```sql
-- No ILIKE, use LOWER()
LOWER(column) LIKE '%pattern%'
REGEXP_CONTAINS(column, r'pattern')
REGEXP_EXTRACT(column, r'pattern')
-- String manipulation
SPLIT(str, delimiter) -- returns ARRAY
ARRAY_TO_STRING(array, delimiter)
```
**Arrays and structs:**
```sql
-- Array operations
ARRAY_AGG(column)
UNNEST(array_column)
ARRAY_LENGTH(array_column)
value IN UNNEST(array_column)
-- Struct access
struct_column.field_name
```
**Performance tips:**
- Always filter on partition columns (usually date) to reduce bytes scanned
- Use clustering for frequently filtered columns within partitions
- Use `APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT()` for large-scale cardinality estimates
- Avoid `SELECT *` -- billing is per-byte scanned
- Use `DECLARE` and `SET` for parameterized scripts
- Preview query cost with dry run before executing large queries
---
### Redshift (Amazon)
**Date/time:**
```sql
-- Current date/time
CURRENT_DATE, GETDATE(), SYSDATE
-- Date arithmetic
DATEADD(day, 7, date_column)
DATEDIFF(day, start_date, end_date)
-- Truncate to period
DATE_TRUNC('month', created_at)
-- Extract parts
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM created_at)
DATE_PART('dow', created_at)
```
**String functions:**
```sql
-- Case-insensitive
column ILIKE '%pattern%'
REGEXP_INSTR(column, 'pattern') > 0
-- String manipulation
SPLIT_PART(str, delimiter, position)
LISTAGG(column, ', ') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column)
```
**Performance tips:**
- Design distribution keys for collocated joins (DISTKEY)
- Use sort keys for frequently filtered columns (SORTKEY)
- Use `EXPLAIN` to check query plan
- Avoid cross-node data movement (watch for DS_BCAST and DS_DIST)
- `ANALYZE` and `VACUUM` regularly
- Use late-binding views for schema flexibility
---
### Databricks SQL
**Date/time:**
```sql
-- Current date/time
CURRENT_DATE(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
-- Date arithmetic
DATE_ADD(date_column, 7)
DATEDIFF(end_date, start_date)
ADD_MONTHS(date_column, 1)
-- Truncate to period
DATE_TRUNC('MONTH', created_at)
TRUNC(date_column, 'MM')
-- Extract parts
YEAR(created_at), MONTH(created_at)
DAYOFWEEK(created_at)
```
**Delta Lake features:**
```sql
-- Time travel
SELECT * FROM my_table TIMESTAMP AS OF '2024-01-15'
SELECT * FROM my_table VERSION AS OF 42
-- Describe history
DESCRIBE HISTORY my_table
-- Merge (upsert)
MERGE INTO target USING source
ON target.id = source.id
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET *
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT *
```
**Performance tips:**
- Use Delta Lake's `OPTIMIZE` and `ZORDER` for query performance
- Leverage Photon engine for compute-intensive queries
- Use `CACHE TABLE` for frequently accessed datasets
- Partition by low-cardinality date columns
---
## Common SQL Patterns
### Window Functions
```sql
-- Ranking
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at DESC)
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY category ORDER BY revenue DESC)
DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY score DESC)
-- Running totals / moving averages
SUM(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date_col ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as running_total
AVG(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date_col ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as moving_avg_7d
-- Lag / Lead
LAG(value, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY entity ORDER BY date_col) as prev_value
LEAD(value, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY entity ORDER BY date_col) as next_value
-- First / Last value
FIRST_VALUE(status) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
LAST_VALUE(status) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
-- Percent of total
revenue / SUM(revenue) OVER () as pct_of_total
revenue / SUM(revenue) OVER (PARTITION BY category) as pct_of_category
```
### CTEs for Readability
```sql
WITH
-- Step 1: Define the base population
base_users AS (
SELECT user_id, created_at, plan_type
FROM users
WHERE created_at >= DATE '2024-01-01'
AND status = 'active'
),
-- Step 2: Calculate user-level metrics
user_metrics AS (
SELECT
u.user_id,
u.plan_type,
COUNT(DISTINCT e.session_id) as session_count,
SUM(e.revenue) as total_revenue
FROM base_users u
LEFT JOIN events e ON u.user_id = e.user_id
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.plan_type
),
-- Step 3: Aggregate to summary level
summary AS (
SELECT
plan_type,
COUNT(*) as user_count,
AVG(session_count) as avg_sessions,
SUM(total_revenue) as total_revenue
FROM user_metrics
GROUP BY plan_type
)
SELECT * FROM summary ORDER BY total_revenue DESC;
```
### Cohort Retention
```sql
WITH cohorts AS (
SELECT
user_id,
DATE_TRUNC('month', first_activity_date) as cohort_month
FROM users
),
activity AS (
SELECT
user_id,
DATE_TRUNC('month', activity_date) as activity_month
FROM user_activity
)
SELECT
c.cohort_month,
COUNT(DISTINCT c.user_id) as cohort_size,
COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month THEN a.user_id
END) as month_0,
COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month + INTERVAL '1 month' THEN a.user_id
END) as month_1,
COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month + INTERVAL '3 months' THEN a.user_id
END) as month_3
FROM cohorts c
LEFT JOIN activity a ON c.user_id = a.user_id
GROUP BY c.cohort_month
ORDER BY c.cohort_month;
```
### Funnel Analysis
```sql
WITH funnel AS (
SELECT
user_id,
MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'page_view' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_1_view,
MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'signup_start' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_2_start,
MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'signup_complete' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_3_complete,
MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'first_purchase' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_4_purchase
FROM events
WHERE event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
GROUP BY user_id
)
SELECT
COUNT(*) as total_users,
SUM(step_1_view) as viewed,
SUM(step_2_start) as started_signup,
SUM(step_3_complete) as completed_signup,
SUM(step_4_purchase) as purchased,
ROUND(100.0 * SUM(step_2_start) / NULLIF(SUM(step_1_view), 0), 1) as view_to_start_pct,
ROUND(100.0 * SUM(step_3_complete) / NULLIF(SUM(step_2_start), 0), 1) as start_to_complete_pct,
ROUND(100.0 * SUM(step_4_purchase) / NULLIF(SUM(step_3_complete), 0), 1) as complete_to_purchase_pct
FROM funnel;
```
### Deduplication
```sql
-- Keep the most recent record per key
WITH ranked AS (
SELECT
*,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
PARTITION BY entity_id
ORDER BY updated_at DESC
) as rn
FROM source_table
)
SELECT * FROM ranked WHERE rn = 1;
```
## Error Handling and Debugging
When a query fails:
1. **Syntax errors**: Check for dialect-specific syntax (e.g., `ILIKE` not available in BigQuery, `SAFE_DIVIDE` only in BigQuery)
2. **Column not found**: Verify column names against schema -- check for typos, case sensitivity (PostgreSQL is case-sensitive for quoted identifiers)
3. **Type mismatches**: Cast explicitly when comparing different types (`CAST(col AS DATE)`, `col::DATE`)
4. **Division by zero**: Use `NULLIF(denominator, 0)` or dialect-specific safe division
5. **Ambiguous columns**: Always qualify column names with table alias in JOINs
6. **Group by errors**: All non-aggregated columns must be in GROUP BY (except in BigQuery which allows grouping by alias)
Use for the stated task with user-supplied, authorized business context.
This source can refer to connectors, files, accounts, or related skills. They are not bundled, connected, or authorized by this catalog entry. Keep findings tied to supplied evidence.
Use the skill below for [TASK]. Ask for missing context, distinguish facts from assumptions, and do not connect accounts, send messages, or make external changes unless the user explicitly requests and authorizes them.
Automatic connector use, account access, sending, publishing, record changes, or claims unsupported by supplied evidence.
M11 added routing metadata, source attribution, integrity tracking and explicit boundaries around connectors and external actions. The original Apache-2.0 skill is retained unchanged.
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